#WHAT IS VERSAPRO CREAM USED FOR SKIN#

27 As a result, there may be varying results with the type of compounding base that is used with topical ketamine. Lipoderm manufacturer PCCA conducted a study comparing ketoprofen delivery with Lipoderm versus PLO and found that Lipoderm delivers medication more rapidly and with better absorption.

Lipoderm is a smooth textured hypoallergenic gel, whereas PLO is a hypoallergenic emollient cream. The 2 bases that are commonly used are Lipoderm and pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO), transdermal bases used by compounding pharmacies to administer medications through the skin. Topical ketamine is administered by compounding with a base (vehicle). Engagement of different TLRs can induce overlapping yet distinct patterns of gene expression that contribute to an inflammatory response.вЂќ 26 25 The TLRs are a recently discovered family of pattern recognition receptors, which show вЂњhomology with the human interleukin-1 receptor family. 24 In addition, it behaves as an anti-inflammatory by acting on Toll-like receptor (TLRs), which leads to down regulation of proinflammatory gene expression. 12,13 Other mechanisms of action of ketamine are its effects on opioid receptors, 14 muscarinic receptors, 15,16 ion channels (Na, K), 17 monoamine transporters (including dopamine and serotonin), 18-23 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. 9-11 NMDA receptors are found on unmyelinated and myelinated axons in the peripheral somatic tissues, giving topical ketamine a target for providing analgesia. NMDA receptors are involved in neurotransmission for nociception and are found in peripheral tissues.

There are multiple mechanisms through which ketamine provides analgesia (See Figure 1). 8 Given that ketamine is one of the best available NMDA antagonist on the market, it started to be used in the late 1990s topically for analgesia.

#WHAT IS VERSAPRO CREAM USED FOR SKIN#

7 In the 1990s, it was discovered that peripheral nerve endings in skin contain glutamate receptors that are involved in nociception. One of the first reports of ketamine use for pain management was in children in the emergency department in 1989. 6 Ketamine was first discovered in 1962 and was used as a battlefield anesthetic during the Vietnam War. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that is used to induce anesthesia and can be administered via multiple routes, including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, nasal, epidural, and topical (see Table 1). Over the past several years, there has been a rise in the number of prescriptions written for topical ketamine, coincident with the increased popularity of compounding pharmacies. Ketamine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist used for general anesthesia that has been formulated and studied as a topical agent, mainly for the management of neuropathic pain. 2-4 Most topical analgesics are indicated for nociceptive pain, with few indicated for neuropathic pain. 1 Other benefits of topical analgesics include direct access to target sites, convenience, ease of use, painless administration, and improved patient acceptance and adherence, all of which may reduce overall treatment costs. Topical analgesics are appealing to clinicians because their lack of systemic absorption results in limited adverse effects (AEs).

What is versapro cream used for